Fraunhofer Institute for Wood Research Space Gels:
Pollutant degradation and insulation in habitats and spacecraft by means of aerogels
Odors and pollutants in indoor spaces are not only a major concern in buildings but also play a significant role in spacecraft. Astronauts frequently report experiencing unpleasant odors. The interior-air monitoring system on the ISS also issues warnings – in particular when docked cargo spacecraft are opened. Furthermore, external insulation is absolutely vital for a spacecraft. Aerogels hereby offer promising solutions: They are characterized by excellent insulating properties and are also highly effective at adsorbing pollutants. In addition, they can mineralize these pollutants when equipped with photocatalytic properties. Within the framework of the “Space-Gels” project, a system is being developed that combines both of these requirements, and its suitability is being tested by means of a demonstrator.
Effective thermal insulation and good indoor air quality are important technical components in extraterrestrial habitats and spacecraft. Currently, these two issues are addressed by systems that operate independently of one another. As state of the art, a vacuum is created in the outer wall for insulation purposes; this vacuum, however, diminishes over time. In order to improve the interior-air quality, pollutants are simply bound to adsorbents, which must then either be replaced or regenerated by means of complex processes. Regenerable solutions would therefore provide a better alternative. For aerogels, oxidative photocatalysis is a suitable approach. The illumination necessary for this is to be provided by fiber-optic components or LEDs. During the process, CO2 and water are generated. Further treatment of these substances can be easily carried out using conventional systems. An effective process requires an active airflow through the appropriately equipped wall components. The material must thereby not release any particles into the environment. Aerogels are also lightweight thermal insulators. As a result, a unique combination of thermal insulation and pollutant degradation is achieved.
In this project, a consortium comprised of Spartan Space, the German Aerospace Center (DLR), and the Fraunhofer WKI is developing a previously unknown system in which titanium-based aerogels will serve as bifunctional components for thermal insulation and the removal of pollutants from the interior air. Spartan Space specializes in the development of habitats for use in space. The DLR is contributing its experience in the areas of aerogels and space applications. The Fraunhofer WKI is supporting the project through its expertise in the field of indoor air quality.
Within the framework of the project, the potential of the utilization of the new aerogel material will be demonstrated by means of a multilayer wall component for a habitat. Its success will depend on the extent to which the pollutant-degrading properties and low thermal conductivity can be balanced. The technology is intended to illustrate the possibilities for complementing the air-purification and insulation systems currently in use.
Last modified:
